Non-European languages have also been important sources of new words. Since the seventeenth century, English has been borrowing from the languages of India, especially Hindi but also the unrelated Tamil and several others. Of the more than 1,000 loanwords listed by Rao (1954), about 43 per cent were borrowed before 1775 and 57 per cent after 1776. His list does not include, however, a good many twentieth-century loans (Hawkins 1984 includes some recent ones).

Post-1776 loans include some words closely tied to Indie social customs, but widely known outside India, such as purdah, raj, satyagraha, and suttee. Linguistics has borrowed such terms as Aryan, sandh,, and svarabhakti. The popularity of Indie music in the West has spread terms like raga, sitar, and vina. Indie food is widely available in Britain today, so in addition to older culinary terms like chutney, curry, and mulligatawny, there are now others such z&puri, samosa, and tandoori.

The food terms and some other Indie loanwords are better known in Britain than America. Briticisms from India include Blighty 'home' and dekko 'observation, look'. Chukkrr 'a playing period in polo' (related to chakra below) and teapoy 'a three-legged stand' or (by folk etymology) 'a teapot stand' are rare.

Recent interest in Hinduism and Buddhism has made a number of terms connected with them more familiar to English speakers: ashram, chakra, Haee Krishn,, karma, mahatma, mandala, mantra, maya, mudra, mukti, nnrvana, pran,, sutra, swam,, Vedanta, yoga. Several of those terms, especially karma and mantra are undergoing semantic change in English, developing uses distant from their Indie senses. Karma now has the sense 'atmosphere, emanations' and mantra the sense 'slogan'.

Indie languages have contributed also to the general vocabulary of English: gymkha, a, jodhpur, madras, polo, puttee do not necessarily have Indie associations, and many English speakers are unaware that bangle, cushy jungle, khak,, loot, pajamss or pyjamas, Parcheesi (a trade name for a board game derived from an Indian version cattedpachisi), swastika, and thugate from the languages of India.

The study of neologisms has been of both scholarly and popular interest. The greatest and most detailed of new-word books are the four volumes of The Oxford English Dictionary Supplement (1972-86), edited by Robert W Burchfield. Because its purpose was to supplement the original OED, the Supplement entered as 'new' any word not in the volumes published between 1884 and 1928. Consequently, some of its 'new' words are rather old. The OEDSis nevertheless the major scholarly dictionary of neologisms. It has been supplemented by the Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series (Simpson & Weiner 1993).

Other new-word dictionaries that are useful for scholars because they cite evidence and give full lexical entries are three products of the Barnharts: The Barnhart Dictionary of New English since 1963, The Second Barnhart Dictionary of New English, and The Third Barnhart Dictionary of New English (Barnhart, Steinmetz & Barnhart 1973,1980,1990). Although they do not give full illustrative citations with sources, the supplements to Webster's Third (Mish. 1976,1983,1986) are based upon the extensive files of the Merriam-Webster company. These works from American lexicographers are not limited to American sources.

Comparable works tracing neology in British sources are those by Simon Mort (1986) and John Ayto (1989, 1990). A similar work drawing on Australian sources is The Macquarie Dictionary of New Words (Butler 1990). Popularised treatments have been made by Sid Lerner and Gary S. Belkin (1993), and Anne H. Soukhanov (1995).

Several periodical treatments of new words are noteworthy. 'Words and Meanings, New' (1944-76) was an annual article in the Britannica Book of the Year for thirty-three years. A periodical devoted exclusively to neology is The Barnhart Dictionary Companion: A Quarterly to Updaee General Dictionaries (Barnhart & Barnhart 1982-). The first four volumes of the periodical have a separate index that provides various types of analysis for the neologisms (D. Barnhart 1987).

In 1937 Dwight L. Bolinger (1937-40) began a column on neology, which in 1941 began to appear in American Speech as Among the New Words' (1941-). Edited by I. Willis Russell from 1944 to 1985, it is the longest running periodical treatment of the subject. Fifyy Years Amnng the New Words': A Dictionary of Neologisms, 1941-9911 (Algeo & Algeo 1991) reprints the first fifty years of the column with a glossary-index of the new words in them and an introductory essay on neology.

A useful index (in addition to Wall & Przebienda 1969-70) is The Barnhart New-Words Concordance (D. Barnhart 1994), which indexes new words treated in post-1960 instalments of Among the New Words' and in The Barnhart Dictionary Companion, as well as a number of new-word dictionaries.

• The site of the vocabulary

The English vocabulary has grown much in size since 1776. Exactly how much is difficult to say even approximately because there are no accurate counts of the number of words used in English either in 1776 or today. Estimates of the size of the vocabulary based upon dictionaries are ffawed

• Identification

The Latinate vocabulary is a particular problem for both analysis and etymology. English has borrowed so many Graeco-Latin words that it has imported much of the morphemic and morphophonemic patterning of those languages, thereby creating difficulties in analysing English morphemicaUy (Ellegard 1963) and also in identifying the etymology of new

• Greek and Latin

Greek and Latin formatives are highly productive sources for new technical terms coined in English. Consequently, very recent words in the scientific and technical registers that look like loans from the classical languages may actually have been formed within English from morphemes abstracted from loanwords that entered English long ago.

• Recent and older nnologisms

The percentages of words formed in English and of those borrowed from other languages in the recent corpuses contrast strikingly with those in The Shorter OED, as reported by Thomas Finkenstaedt (1973, 118-56). In the following table, the SOED percentages represent the history of English over approximately 1,200 years, as

• Types of recent neologisms

Estimates of the relative productiveness of one or another type of word formation are subject to many variables and consequently uncertainties. Not least among those is establishing the correct etymology of a word. For example, unconscious 'that part of the mind not available to introspection, which nevertheless affects behaviour' might